Model-Based Control Techniques

Classical Control (PID, Feedforward)

Summarize tuning approaches and feedforward structures for PEM systems.

State-Space and Observer Design

Discuss linear and nonlinear observers for pressure, temperature, and humidity states.

Model Predictive Control (MPC)

Outline constraint handling, horizons, and computational considerations for real-time MPC.

Case Study: Grid-Following PEM Operation

Describe a control strategy for following grid dispatch signals while respecting stack limits.